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Towards Intercultural Communication Congruence in Sino-African Organisational Contexts / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Towards Intercultural Communication Congruence in Sino-African Organisational Contexts / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
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1–22
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–22
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23–44
Chapter 1 Introduction and Orientation
23–44
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Introduction
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1.1 Context and Background
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1.1.1 Significance of the Sino-African context
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1.2 The Research Problem
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1.2.1 Contemporary approaches to and theories of intercultural communication
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1.2.2 Intercultural communication congruence in Sino-African organisational contexts: the state of research
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1.3 Research Aims and Objectives
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1.3.1 Main study aim
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1.3.2 Study of theory (literature study) aim
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1.3.2.1 Objectives of the study of theory (literature study)
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1.3.2.2 Theoretical (literature study) research questions
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1.3.3 Empirical aims
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1.3.3.1 Empirical objectives
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1.3.3.2 Empirical research questions
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1.4 Significance of the Study
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1.5 Research Design and Methodology
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1.5.1 Study of theory
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1.5.2 Empirical study
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1.6 Demarcation of Study
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1.7 Definition of Terms
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1.8 Structure of Thesis
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45–62
Chapter 2 Conceptualising Intercultural Communication Congruence
45–62
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Introduction
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2.1 Defining Intercultural Communication
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2.2 The Study of Intercultural Communication
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2.2.1 History of the study of intercultural communication
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2.2.2 Contemporary approaches to intercultural communication
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2.2.2.1 The social science approaches
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a. The psychosocial approach
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b. The skills approach
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c. Behavioural approach
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d. Knowledge of the “other” approach
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e. Common ground and acceptance of differences approach
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2.2.2.2 The interpretive approaches
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2.2.2.3 The critical approaches
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2.2.2.4 Summary
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2.2.3 Theories for enhancing intercultural communication
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2.2.3.1 Cultural convergence theory
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2.2.3.2 Anxiety uncertainty management theory
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2.2.3.3 Face negotiation theory
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2.3 Barriers and Challenges in Intercultural Communication
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2.3.1 Language differences
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2.3.2 Non-verbal communication
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2.3.3 Culture and value differences
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2.3.4 Ethnocentrism
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2.3.5 Stereotyping and prejudice
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2.3.6 Anxiety felt by the “strangers” in communication
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2.4 Considerations for Intercultural Communication Congruence
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2.4.1 Intercultural communication awareness
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2.4.1.1 Communication orientation
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2.4.1.2 Manner of communication
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2.4.2 Effectiveness in communication
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2.4.3 Appropriateness in communication
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2.5. Intercultural Communication Congruence
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2.5.1 A cross-cultural approach to enhanced intercultural communication
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2.5.2 Cultural, cross-cultural and intercultural communication
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2.6 Summary
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63–80
Chapter 3 Conceptualising Intercultural Communication Awareness
63–80
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Introduction
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3.1 Themes Underlying Intercultural Communication (IC)
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3.1.1 Culture and values
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3.1.1.1 Self-perceptions
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3.1.2 Worldview
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3.1.3 Communication
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3.1.4 The relationship between culture and communication
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3.1.5 Cultural differences and similarities in communication
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3.1.5.1 Dimensions of cultural variation in communication
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a. The individualism vs collectivism dimension in communication
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b. Low and high context communication
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c. High versus low face needs
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3.1.5.2 Summary
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3.2 Intercultural Communication Awareness
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3.2.1 Criteria for conceptualising communication orientation and manner of communication (IC awareness enablers)
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3.2.1.1 Criterion 1: Values, guiding philosophies (incorporating self-perceptions)
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3.2.1.2 Criterion 2: The nature of communication
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3.2.1.3 Criterion 3: The objective of communication
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3.2.1.4 Criterion 4: Degree of interaction in communication
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3.2.1.5 Criterion 5: Thinking process and communication
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3.2.2 Relationship between IC awareness enablers, communication orientation, manner of communication and intercultural communication awareness
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3.2.3 Framework for comparing the manner of communication
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3.3 Summary
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81–86
Chapter 4 A Generic Theoretical Intercultural Communication Congruence Framework
81–86
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Introduction
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4.1 Presenting the Generic Theoretical Intercultural Communication Congruence Framework
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4.1.1 Reading the figure
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4.1.1.1 Developing IC awareness through understanding communication orientation and the manner of communication
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4.1.1.2 Intercultural communication awareness-engendered consequences and possibilities
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4.1.1.3 Enhanced intercultural communication
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4.2 The Generic Theoretical Intercultural Communication Congruence Framework in the Context of the Present Study
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4.3 Summary
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87–110
Chapter 5 Intercultural Communication Awareness
87–110
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Understanding communication orientation and manner of communication in Western, African and Chinese cultural contexts
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Introduction
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5.1 Western, African and Chinese Cultures
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5.1.1. Western culture
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5.1.2 African culture
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5.1.2.1 Communalism
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a. The supremacy of the community
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b. The utility of the individual
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c. The sanctity of authority
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d. Respect for old age
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e. Religion as a way of life
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5.1.2.2 Ubuntu
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5.1.2.3 Humanism
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5.1.3 Chinese culture
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5.1.3.1 Confucianism
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a. Jen (benevolence and humanness)
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b. Influence of family and insiders (zi-jiren) versus outsiders
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c. Hierarchy and role relationships
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d. Bao (reciprocity)
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e. Guanxi (relationships/connections)
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f. Mianzi (face)
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5.1.4 Summary
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5.2 Communication Orientation and Manner of Communication in Western, African and Chinese Cultures
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5.2.1 Values and guiding philosophies (incorporating self-perceptions)
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5.2.1.1 Self-perceptions
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5.2.2 Nature of communication
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5.2.3 Objective of communication
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5.2.4 Degree of interaction
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5.2.5 Thinking process
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5.2.6 Summary
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5.3 The Manner of Communication in Western, African and Chinese Cultural Contexts
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5.4 Theoretical IC Congruence (TICC) Framework Specific to Sino-African Organisational Contexts
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5.5 Summary
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111–138
Chapter 6 Research Design and Methodology
111–138
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Introduction
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6.1 The Philosophy of Research
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6.1.1 Research paradigm
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6.2 Research Design
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6.3 A: Study of Theory
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6.3.1 Traditional literature review and synthesis
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6.3.2 Quasi-systematic review
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6.3.2.1 Planning the quasi-systematic review
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6.3.2.2 Literature search and selection
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a. Timeframe for literature sourcing
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b. Inclusion and exclusion of articles
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6.3.3 Meta-synthesis
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6.3.3.1 Meta-synthesis in the context of the present study
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6.3.4 Quality assessment and ethical issues: study of theory
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6.4 B: Empirical Qualitative Study
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6.4.1 Overview
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6.4.1.1 Qualitative study interviewing experts
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a. Definition of an “expert”
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6.4.2 Data collection
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6.4.2.1 Sample and sampling procedure
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6.4.2.2 Data collection methods
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a. In-depth interviews
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b. Interview structure and intention
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6.4.3 Validity and reliability
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6.4.3.1 Confirmability
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6.4.3.2 Transferability
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6.4.3.3 Dependability
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6.4.3.4 Credibility
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6.4.3.5 Triangulation
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6.4.4 Ethical considerations
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6.4.5 Qualitative data analysis
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6.4.5.1 Level of analysis
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6.4.5.2 Procedures of analysis
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6.5 Summary
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139–224
Chapter 7 Empirical Research Findings
139–224
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Intercultural communication awareness in Sino-African organisational contexts
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Introduction
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7.1 Biographical Information of the Sample
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7.1.1 Distribution of cultural grouping
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7.1.2 Distribution of gender
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7.1.3 Distribution of age
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7.1.4 Distribution of ethnic group
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7.1.5 Distribution of position and education
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7.1.6 Distribution of industry sector
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7.1.7 Distribution of experience in months
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7.2 Presentation of Findings
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7.3 Perspectives of Intercultural Communication Awareness – African Culture
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7.3.1 Own perspectives: African experts
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7.3.1.1 Human centredness
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7.3.1.2 Consensus-seeking
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7.3.1.3 Respectful
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7.3.1.4 Humble
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7.3.1.5 Speaking in a direct manner
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7.3.1.6 Showing emotions
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7.3.1.7 Communalistic
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7.3.1.8 Following rules and protocol
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7.3.1.9 Family orientation
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7.3.1.10 Etiquette
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7.3.1.11 Summary
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7.3.2 Intercultural communication awareness of African culture: Chinese experts’ perspectives
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7.3.2.1 African people are human-centred
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7.3.2.2 African people are arrogant
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7.3.2.3 African people are direct
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7.3.2.4 African people are humble
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7.3.2.5 African people are family-orientated
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7.3.2.6 African people talk a lot
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7.3.2.7 African people are curious
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7.3.2.8 African people show emotions
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7.3.2.9 Summary
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7.3.3 Intercultural communication awareness in African culture – own and other perspectives
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7.3.3.1 Discussion
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7.4 Perspectives of Intercultural Communication Awareness – Chinese Culture
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7.4.1 Own perspectives: Chinese experts
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7.4.1.1 Follow rules and protocol
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7.4.1.2 Face-giving and face-saving – mianzi
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7.4.1.3 In-group focus
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7.4.1.4 Indirect manner
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7.4.1.5 Pursuit of harmony
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7.4.1.6 Hierarchical
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7.4.1.7 Little talk
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7.4.1.8 Nonverbal communication
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7.4.1.9 Respect
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7.4.1.10 Relationships – guanxi
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7.4.1.11 Showing emotions
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7.4.1.12 Summary
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7.4.2 Intercultural communication awareness of Chinese culture: African experts’ perspectives
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7.4.2.1 Chinese people follow rules and protocol
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7.4.2.2 Chinese people have an in-group focus
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7.4.2.3 Chinese people keep their own culture
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7.4.2.4 Chinese people communicate nonverbally
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7.4.2.5 Chinese people are abrupt
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7.4.2.6 Chinese people are insincere
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7.4.2.7 Chinese people are authoritative
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7.4.2.8 Chinese people do not show emotions
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7.4.2.9 Status-driven communication
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7.4.2.10 Chinese people are calm in manner
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7.4.2.11 Chinese people do not say “no”
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7.4.2.12 Strong concern for face-giving and face-saving – mianzi
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7.4.2.13 Communication is hierarchical
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7.4.2.14 Chinese people are honourable
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7.4.2.15 Chinese people do not talk much
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7.4.2.16 Chinese people are rude
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7.4.2.17 Chinese people value relationships – guanxi
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7.4.2.18 Chinese people are indirect
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7.4.2.19 Summary
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7.4.3 Intercultural communication awareness in Chinese culture – own and other perspectives
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7.4.3.1 Discussion
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7.5 Intercultural Communication Awareness: African Own and Chinese Own Perspectives Compared
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7.5.1 Summary
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7.6 Intercultural Communication Awareness: African and Chinese Perspectives of “Other” Compared
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7.6.1 Summary
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7.7 Emerging Intercultural Communication Awareness Perspectives (African and Chinese Experts)
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7.7.1 Variations
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7.7.1.1 Business and social contexts
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7.7.1.2 Organisational typology
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7.7.1.3 Race
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7.7.1.4 Level of education
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7.7.1.5 Class
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7.7.2 Expert observations
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7.7.2.1 Mix of Western and African ways
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7.7.2.2 Similarity between Chinese and African ways
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7.7.3 Influences
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7.7.3.1 Stereotypes
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7.7.3.2 Differences in work ethic
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7.7.3.3 Ethnocentrism
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7.7.3.4 Motives for interaction
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7.7.3.5 Preconceptions
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7.7.3.6 Personal circumstances
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7.7.3.7 Prejudice
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7.7.3.8 No communication occurs
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7.7.4 Summary
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7.8 Intercultural Communication Awareness Categories – Sino-African Organisational Contexts
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7.8.1 Categories of intercultural communication awareness
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Cultural orientation
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Manner of communication
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Orientation to rules and protocol
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Individual dispositions
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Within-culture intercultural communication variations
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Intercultural communication influences
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7.8.2 Linking intercultural communication awareness perspectives to intercultural communication awareness categories
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7.8.2.1 Cultural orientation
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7.8.2.2 Manner of communication
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7.8.2.3 Orientation to rules and protocol
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7.8.2.4 Individual dispositions
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7.8.2.5 Within-culture variations
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7.8.2.6 Intercultural communication awareness influences
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7.9 Summary
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225–240
Chapter 8 Summary, Conclusion And Recommendations
225–240
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Brief Synopsis of the Research
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8.1 Conclusions and Recommendations
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8.1.1 Updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework
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8.1.1.1 Cultural orientation
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8.1.1.2 Manner of communication
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8.1.1.3 Orientation to rules and protocol
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8.1.1.4 Individual dispositions
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8.1.1.5 Intercultural communication influences
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8.1.1.6 Intercultural communication variations
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8.1.2 Hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework (HICC) for Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.1 Cultural orientation in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.2 Manner of communication in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.3 Orientation to rules and protocol in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.4 Individual dispositions in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.5 Intercultural communication influences in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.1.2.6 Intercultural communication variations in Sino-African organisational contexts
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8.2 Significance and Contributions of this Research
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8.2.1 Main contribution
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8.2.2 Study of theory
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8.2.3. Empirical qualitative study
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8.2.4 Methodology
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8.3 Limitations of this Research
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8.3.1 Study of theory
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8.3.2 Empirical qualitative study
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8.4 Recommendations for Future Research
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8.5 Conclusion
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241–264
9 References
241–264
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265–282
10 Annexures
265–282
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Towards Intercultural Communication Congruence in Sino-African Organisational Contexts , page 1 - 22
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Autoren
Fungai B. Chigwendere
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783828871212-1
ISBN print: 978-3-8288-4234-2
ISBN online: 978-3-8288-7121-2
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